The Combination of Enzymes and Conidia of Entomopathogenic Fungi against Aphis gossypii Nymphs and Spodoptera frugiperda Larvae.

The slow action of fungi is one of the biggest challenges in using entomopathogenic fungi. A promising alternative to reduce the time of action is to combine conidia with extracellular enzymes. This study aimed to characterize the production of Pr1 subtilisin protease and lipases by Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae in different culture media and to evaluate the efficiency of the enzymatic treatment against Aphis gossypii and Spodoptera frugiperda. The isolates were cultivated in five different liquid cultures, and, after 7 days, the culture was filtered and centrifuged, and the activity of the Pr1 and lipases was measured. The fungi cultured in a Luria-Bertani broth medium had the highest activity of proteases and lipases. The mortality of A. gossypii nymphs treated with conidia 7 days after the treatment was 39% (JEF-410), 76.5% (JEF-492), 74.8% (ERL-836), and 70.9% (JEF-214). The B. bassiana JEF-410 supernatant combined with conidia increased the fungal virulence at day 5 and day 6 after treatment. When S. frugiperda larvae were treated with B. bassiana JEF-492 conidia combined with its supernatant, the time of infection was shorter compared to the larvae treated with conidia only. Once the supernatant was incubated at 37 °C, the relative activity decreased from 100% to 80% after 2 h and to 45% after 24 h. The results suggest that the supernatant of entomopathogenic fungi may be formulated and used as a biopesticide in an efficient strategy for the biological control of pests.

Metarhizium robertsii protease and conidia production, response to heat stress and virulence against Aedes aegypti larvae.

Nutritional factors exert significant influence on the growth of entomopathogenic fungi, one of the main agents employed commercially in the biological control of arthropods. Thus, the objective of this work is to optimize the culture medium and solid fermentation time for production of proteases and conidia of Metarhizium robertsii ARSEF 2575 and to evaluate the interference of riboflavin and salts on virulence and resistance to abiotic stress factors. In the first step, nine groups were separated: negative control, positive control, and seven supplementation groups: ammonium nitrate, ammonium chloride, potassium nitrate, sodium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate, urea. Sodium nitrate showed significant difference in protease production at the time of 20 days of solid fermentation. Then, different concentrations of sodium nitrate and riboflavin as supplement were evaluated. Response surface methodology demonstrated that riboflavin and sodium nitrate influence proteolytic activity and conidia production, but without synergism. Supplementation of the medium with the optimal concentration of sodium nitrate and riboflavin did not interfere with the germination of conidia without exposure to abiotic stress, but did increase the thermotolerance of conidia. The presence of riboflavin and sodium nitrate at optimal concentrations in the culture medium did not alter fungal virulence with and without exposure to heat stress, varying according to the presence or absence of the supernatant during exposure, evidencing that resistance to heat exposure is multifactorial and dependent on intra- and extracellular factors. Moreover, the supplementation increased the larvicidal activity of the supernatant against Aedes aegypti.

Ticks (Parasitiformes: Ixodida) on new world wild primates in Brazil

Brazil concentrates the largest number of primate species in the world. In the present study, an extensive literature review of ticks on New World wild monkeys has been carried out, demonstrating that between the years 1912 to 2018, 182 larvae, 137 nymphs and 31 adult ticks (10 males and 21 females) were collected on 78 primates (from 12 different species) in 28 distinct localities in the Brazilian territory. Additionally, examination of allotments of 11 tick collections of Brazil revealed that from 1919 to 2019, 93 larvae, 91 nymphs and 175 adult ticks (62 males and 113 females) were collected from 100 monkeys (among 20 different species) from 43 localities in distinct Brazilian biomes. Overall, 19 tick species were identified on wild primates in the country: Amblyomma aureolatum (Pallas, 1772), Amblyomma cajennense (Fabricius, 1787) sensu stricto, Amblyomma coelebs Neumann, 1899, Amblyomma dubitatum Neumann, 1899, Amblyomma geayi Neumann, 1899, Amblyomma incisum Neumann, 1906, Amblyomma longirostre (Koch, 1844), Amblyomma naponense (Packard, 1869), Amblyomma nodosum Neumann, 1899, Amblyomma ovale Koch, 1844, Amblyomma parkeri Fonseca & Aragão, 1952, Amblyomma romarioi Martins, Luz & Labruna, 2019, Amblyomma rotundatum Koch, 1844, Amblyomma sculptum Berlese, 1888, Haemaphysalis juxtakochi Cooley, 1946, Ixodes fuscipes Koch, 1844, Rhipicephalus microplus (Canestrini, 1888), Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) sensu lato,and Ornithodoros rostratus Aragão, 1911. The presence of A. incisum, A. naponense, A. nodosum, A. rotundatum and I. fuscipes on monkeys is recorded for the first time. Thisresearch is therefore a significant contribution to the knowledge of tick speciesassociated with non-human primates in the Neotropical region.

Medication regimen complexity in adults and the elderly in a primary healthcare setting: determination of high and low complexities / Complejidad del regimen de medicación en adultos y ancianos en un centro de cuidados primaries: determinación de la complejidad alta y baja

Background: The complexity of a medication regimen is related to the multiple characteristics of the prescribed regimen and can negatively influence the health outcomes of patients. Objective: To propose cut-off points in the complexity of pharmacotherapy to distinguish between patients with low and high complexities seen in a primary health care (PHC) setting to enable prioritization of patient management. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study, which included 517 adult and elderly patients, analyzing different cut-off points to define the strata of low and high pharmacotherapy complexities based on percentiles of the population evaluated. Data collection began with the solicitation of prescriptions, followed by a questionnaire that was administered by an interviewer. The complexity of a medication regimen was estimated from the Medication Regimen Complexity Index (MRCI). High complexity pharmacotherapy scores were analyzed from patient profiles, the use of health services, and pharmacotherapy. The criteria for subject inclusion in the sample population were as follows: inhabitant of the area covered by the municipality, 18 years or older, and being prescribed at least one drug during the collection period. Exclusion criteria at the time of collection were the use of any medication whose prescription was not available. All medications were accessed through the Primary Healthcare Service (PHS). Results: The median total pharmacotherapy complexity score was 8.5. High MRCI scores were correlated with age, medications taken with in the Brazilian PHS, having at least one potential drug-related problem, receiving up to eight years of schooling, number of medications and polypharmacy (five or more medicines), number of medical conditions, number of medical appointments, and number of cardiovascular diseases and endocrine metabolic diseases. We suggest different complexity tracks according to age (e.g., adult or elderly) that consider the pharmacotherapy and population coverage characteristics as high complexity limits. For the elderly patients, the tracks were as follows: MRCI≥25.4, MRCI≥20.9, MRCI≥17.5, MRCI≥15.7, MRCI≥14.0, and MRCI≥13.0. For adult patients, the limits of high complexity were MRCI≥25.1; MRCI ≥ 23.8; MRCI≥21.0; MRCI≥17.0; MRCI≥16.5; and MRCI≥15.5. Conclusion: The medication regimen complexity is associated with the patient's illness profile and problems with the use of drugs; therefore, the proposed scores can be useful in prioritizing patients for clinical care by pharmacists and other health professionals (AU)

Antecedentes: La complejidad de un régimen de medicación se relaciona con las múltiples características del régimen prescrito que pueden influenciar negativamente los resultados en salud de los pacientes. Objetivo: Proponer puntos de corte en la complejidad de la farmacoterapia para diferenciar entre pacientes de baja y alta complejidad que permita la priorización de la gestión de los pacientes entre los atendidos en un centro de cuidados primarios. Métodos: Este es un estudio transversal que incluyó 517 adultos y ancianos analizando diferentes puntos de corte para definir los estratos de alta y baja complejidad de la farmacoterapia basándose en los percentiles de la población evaluada. La recogida de datos comenzó con la solicitud de las prescripciones, seguida de un cuestionario administrado por un entrevistador. La complejidad de la medicación se estimó mediante el Medication Regimen Complexity Index (MRCI). En las farmacoterapias de alta complejidad se analizó los perfiles de los pacientes, el uso de servicios de salud, y la farmacoterapia. Los criterios para la inclusión de la muestra fueron: habitantes del área cubierta por el municipio, 18 años o más, y tener prescrito al menos un medicamento durante el periodo de recogida de datos. Los criterios de exclusión durante la recogida de datos fue el uso de algún medicamento que no estaba disponible. Todos los medicamentos eran del Servicio de Cuidados Primarios (PHS). Resultados: La mediana total de puntuación de complejidad de la farmacoterapia fue de 8,5. Las puntuaciones altas del MRCI se correlacionaban con la edad, medicamentos tomados del PHS, tener al menos una interacción potencial medicamento-medicamento, tener más de 8 años de escolaridad, numero de medicamentos, polimedicación (cinco o más medicamentos), número de problemas de salud, número de visitas al médico, y numero de enfermedades cardiovasculares o metabólicas. Sugerimos diferentes tramos de complejidad de acuerdo a la edad (e.g. adultos o ancianos) que tienen en cuenta las características de la población y la farmacoterapia como límites de alta complejidad. Para los ancianos los tramos eran: MRCI≥25,4, MRCI≥20,9, MRCI≥17,5, MRCI≥15,7, MRCI≥14,0, y MRCI≥13,0. Para los pacientes adultos los límites de complejidad eran: MRCI≥25,1; MRCI ≥ 23,8; MRCI≥21,0; MRCI≥17,0; MRCI≥16,5; y MRCI≥15,5. Conclusión: La complejidad del régimen de medicación se asocia con el perfil de enfermedad del paciente y sus problemas de uso de medicamentos; por tanto, los limites propuestos pueden ser útiles para priorizar pacientes en cuidados clínicos de los farmacéuticos u otros profesionales de la salud (AU)

Medication regimen complexity in adults and the elderly in a primary healthcare setting: determination of high and low complexities.

BACKGROUND: The complexity of a medication regimen is related to the multiple characteristics of the prescribed regimen and can negatively influence the health outcomes of patients. OBJECTIVE: To propose cut-off points in the complexity of pharmacotherapy to distinguish between patients with low and high complexities seen in a primary health care (PHC) setting to enable prioritization of patient management. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study, which included 517 adult and elderly patients, analyzing different cut-off points to define the strata of low and high pharmacotherapy complexities based on percentiles of the population evaluated. Data collection began with the solicitation of prescriptions, followed by a questionnaire that was administered by an interviewer. The complexity of a medication regimen was estimated from the Medication Regimen Complexity Index (MRCI). High complexity pharmacotherapy scores were analyzed from patient profiles, the use of health services, and pharmacotherapy. The criteria for subject inclusion in the sample population were as follows: inhabitant of the area covered by the municipality, 18 years or older, and being prescribed at least one drug during the collection period. Exclusion criteria at the time of collection were the use of any medication whose prescription was not available. All medications were accessed through the Primary Healthcare Service (PHS). RESULTS: The median total pharmacotherapy complexity score was 8.5. High MRCI scores were correlated with age, medications taken with in the Brazilian PHS, having at least one potential drug-related problem, receiving up to eight years of schooling, number of medications and polypharmacy (five or more medicines), number of medical conditions, number of medical appointments, and number of cardiovascular diseases and endocrine metabolic diseases. We suggest different complexity tracks according to age (e.g., adult or elderly) that consider the pharmacotherapy and population coverage characteristics as high complexity limits. For the elderly patients, the tracks were as follows: MRCI≥25.4, MRCI≥20.9, MRCI≥17.5, MRCI≥15.7, MRCI≥14.0, and MRCI≥13.0. For adult patients, the limits of high complexity were MRCI≥25.1; MRCI ≥ 23.8; MRCI≥21.0; MRCI≥17.0; MRCI≥16.5; and MRCI≥15.5. CONCLUSION: The medication regimen complexity is associated with the patient's illness profile and problems with the use of drugs; therefore, the proposed scores can be useful in prioritizing patients for clinical care by pharmacists and other health professionals.